libcdio: Glossary
1
1 Appendix B Glossary
1 *******************
1
1 Thomas Schmitt has made significant contributions to this glossary. See
1 also <http://www.dvdrhelp.com/glossary>.
1
1 "ASPI"
1 See Win32 ASPI
1
1 "ATA"
1
1 Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA). The same thing as IDE.
1
1 "ATAPI"
1
1 Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) Packet Interface. The
1 interface provides a mechanism for transferring and executing SCSI
1 CDBs on IDE CD Drives and DVD Drives.
1
1 IDE (also called ATA) was originally designed for hard drives only,
1 but with help of ATAPI it is possible to connect other devices, in
1 particular CD-ROMS to the IDE/EIDE connections.
1
1 The ATAPI CD-ROM drives understand a subset of SCSI commands. In
1 particular multi-initiator commands are neither needed nor defined
1 for ATAPI devices.
1
1 "BIN/CUE"
1
1 A CD-image format developed by Jeff Arnold for CDRWIN software on
1 Microsoft Windows. Many other programs subsequently support using
1 this format. The '.CUE' file is a text file which contains CD
1 format and track layout information, while the '.BIN' file holds
1 the actual data of each track.
1
1 "Blu-ray Disc (BD)"
1 Optical media with capacity of 25 GB as single layer and 50 GB as
11 double layer. See also ⇒"Media models and profiles"
models-profiles.
1
1 "CD"
11 Compact Disc. Capacity up to 900 MB. See also ⇒"Media models
and profiles" models-profiles.
1
1 "CD-DA"
1 Compact Disc Digital Audio, described in the "Red Book" or IEC
1 60908 (formerly IEC 908). This commonly referred to as an audio CD
1 and what most people think of when you play a CD as it was the
1 first to use the CD medium.
1
1 See <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Book_(audio_CD_standard)>
1
1 "CD+G"
1
1 Compact Disc + Graphics. An extension of the CD audio format
1 contains a limited amount of graphics in subcode channels. This
1 disc works in all audio players but the graphics portion is only
1 available in a special CD+G or Karaoke player.
1
1 "CD-i"
1
1 Compact Disc Interactive. An extension of the CD format designed
1 around a set-top computer that connects to a TV to provide
1 interactive home entertainment, including digital audio and video,
1 video games, and software applications. Defined by the "Green
1 Book" standard. <http://www.icdia.org/>. CD-i for video and video
1 music has largely (if not totally) been superseded by VCDs.
1
1 "CD-i Bridge"
1
1 A standard allowing CD-ROM XA discs to play on CD-i. Kodak
1 PhotoCDs are CD-XA Bridge discs.
1
1 "CD-ROM"
1
1 Compact Disc Read Only Memory or "Yellow Book" describe in
1 Standards ISO/IEC 10149. The data stored on it can be either in
1 the form of audio, computer or video files.
1
1 "CD-ROM Mode 1 and Mode2"
1
1 The Yellow Book specifies two types of tracks, Mode 1 and Mode 2.
1 Mode 1 is used for computer data and text and has an extra error
1 correction layer. Mode 2 is for audio and video data and has no
1 extra correction layer. CD-ROM/XA An expansion of the CD-ROM Mode
1 2 format that allows both computer and audio/video to be mixed in
1 the same track.
1
1 "CD Text"
1
1 CD Text is a technology developed by Sony Corporation and Philips
1 Electronics in 1996 that allows storing in an audio CD and its
1 tracks information such as artist name, title, songwriter,
1 composer, or arranger. Commercially available audio CDs sometimes
1 contain CD Text information.
1
1 Information on how CD Text is stored can be found in in older MMC
1 standards. Specifically, try "Annex J" of "mmc3r10g.pdf".
1
1 An "Unofficial CD Text FAQ" is at
1 <http://web.ncf.ca/aa571/cdtext.htm>
1
1 "CD XA"
1
1 CD-ROM EXtended Architecture. A modification to the CD-ROM
1 specification that defines two new types of sectors. CD-ROM XA was
1 developed jointly by Sony, Philips, and Microsoft, and announced in
1 August 1988. Its specifications were published in an extension to
1 the Yellow Book. CD-i, Photo CD, Video CD and CD-EXTRA have all
1 subsequently been based on CD-ROM XA.
1
1 CD-XA defines another way of formatting sectors on a CD-ROM,
1 including headers in the sectors that describe the type (audio,
1 video, data) and some additional info (markers, resolution in case
1 of a video or audio sector, file numbers, etc).
1
1 The data written on a CD-XA is consistent with and can be in
1 ISO-9660 file system format and therefore be readable by ISO-9660
1 file system translators. But also a CD-I player can read CD-XA
1 discs even if its own 'Green Book' file system only resembles ISO
1 9660 and isn't fully compatible.
1
1 "DVD"
1 Digital Versatile Disc. Capacity up to 4.5 GB as single layer and
11 8.5 GB as double layer media. See also ⇒"Media models and
profiles" models-profiles.
1
1 "Defect management"
1 A method to compensate small amounts of bad spots on media by
1 replacing them out of a pool of reserve blocks and performing
1 address translation. The necessary checkreading slows down write
1 performance by a factor of 2 or 3. Defect management applies by
1 default to DVD-RAM and BD-RE. Optionally it can be formatted onto
1 CD-RW and DVD+RW, where it has the name "Mount Rainier".
1 Sequential BD-R can be formatted for defect management too.
1
1 "Command Packet"
1
1 The data structure that is used to issue an ATAPI command. It
1 contains a SCSI Command Descriptor Block (CDB).
1
1 "ECMA-119 (ISO-9660)"
1
1 (<http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-119.htm>
1 is a freely available specification which is technically identical
1 to ISO 9660.
1
1 "ECMA-167 (UDF)"
1
1 (<http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-167.htm>
1 is a freely available specification which is also approved as ISO
1 13346. It serves as base for UDF.
1
1 "ECMA-168"
1
1 (<http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-168.htm>
1 is a freely available specification which is also approved as ISO
1 13490.
1
1 "FSF"
1
1 Free Software Foundation, <http://www.fsf.org/>
1
1 "GNU"
1
1 GNU is not UNIX, <http://www.gnu.org/>
1
1 "IDE"
1
1 Integrated Drive Electronics. This is a commonly used interface
1 for hard disk drives and CD-ROM drives. It is less expensive than
1 SCSI, but offers slightly less in terms of performance.
1
1 "ISO"
1
1 International Standards Organization.
1
1 "ISO 13346"
1
1 ISO 13346 / ECMA-167 is a filesystem framework for data exchange on
1 overwriteable or pseudo-overwriteable media. It serves as base of
1 UDF.
1
1 "ISO 13490"
1
1 ISO 13490 / ECMA-168 is an attempt to replace ISO 9660 by a format
1 that allows finer write granularity and representation of typical
1 disk file properties. It resembles ECMA-167 which led to UDF.
1
1 "ISO 9660"
1
1 ISO 9660 / ECMA-119 is an operating-system independent filesystem
1 format originally intended for CD-ROM media. It was standardized
1 in 1988 and replaced the High Sierra standard for the logical
1 format on CD-ROM media (ISO 9660 and High Sierra are identical in
1 content, but the exact format is different). ISO 9660 and ECMA-119
1 are technically identical meanwhile.
1
1 There are several specification levels. In Level 1, file names
1 must be in the 8.3 format (no more than eight characters in the
1 name, no more than three characters in the suffix) and in capital
1 letters. Directory names can be no longer than eight characters.
1 There can be no more than eight nested directory levels. Level 2
1 and 3 specifications allow file names up to 32 characters long.
1 Level 3 allows data file sizes to be 4 GB or larger. File data
1 content is stored in extents, i.e. contiguous sequences of blocks.
1 A single extent can hold only up to 2 exp 32 - 1 bytes. So files
1 of 4 GB or larger need more than one extent to be stored. Older
1 operating systems might have trouble with multi-extent files.
1
1 "Joliet extensions"
1
1 This ISO-9660 upward-compatible standard was developed for Windows
1 95 and Windows NT by Microsoft as an extension of ISO 9600 which
1 allows the use of Unicode characters and supports file names up to
1 64 characters.
1
1 See <http://bmrc.berkeley.edu/people/chaffee/jolspec.html> for the
1 Joliet Specification.
1
1 The name Joliet comes from the city in Illinois (U.S) that the
1 standard was defined.
1
1 "LBA"
1
1 Logical Block Addressing. Mapped integer numbers from CD Red Book
1 Addressing MSF. The starting sector is -150 and ending sector is
1 449849, which correlates directly to MSF: 00:00:00 to 99:59:74.
1 Because an LBA is a single number it is often easier to work with
1 in programming than an MSF.
1
1 "Lead in"
1
1 The area of a CD where the Table Of Contents (TOC) and CD Text are
1 stored. I think it is supposed to be around 4500 (1 min) or more
1 sectors in length. On a CDR(W) the lead-in length is variable,
1 because manufacturers have a different starting position indicated
1 by the ATIP start of lead-in position that is recorded in the ATIP
1 groove on the disk. For example:
1
1 "Ricoh Company Limited"
1 97:27:00, 97:27:06, 97:27:66
1 "Mitsubishi Chemical (Verbatim)"
1 97:34:21 to 97:34:25
1
1 "LSN"
1
1 Logical Sector Number. Mapped integer numbers from CD Red Book
1 Addressing MSF. The starting sector is 0 and ending sector is
1 449699, which correlates to MSF: 00:00:00 to 99:59:74. Because an
1 LSN is a single number it is often easier to work with in
1 programming than an MSF. Because it starts at 0 rather than -150 as
1 is the case of an LBA it can be represented as an unsigned value.
1
1 "MCN"
1
1 Media Catalog Number. A identification number on an audio CD. Also
1 called a UPC. Another identification number is ISRC.
1
1 "MMC"
1
1 MMC (Multimedia Commands).
1
1 MMC are raw commands for communicating with CDROM drives,
1 CD-Rewriters, DVD-Rewriters, etc. The are subset of the larger
1 SCSI command set. See also ⇒SCSI SCSI.
1
1 Many manufacturers have adopted this standard and it also applies
1 to ATAPI versions of their drives.
1
1 The documents 'libcdio' makes use of are described in the
1 Multi-Media Commands standard (MMC). This document generally has a
1 numeric level number appended. For example MMC-5 refers to
1 "Multi-Media Commands - 5.
1
1 "Media models and profiles"
1
1 MMC classifies media as models, which describe their logical
1 structure, and as profiles, which describe the capabilities of the
1 drive with the particular media. So both are closely related but
1 not identical.
1
1 There are three model families: CD, DVD, Blu-ray. CD allows
1 special sector formats like audio as well as data sectors of 2048
1 bytes. DVD and Blu-ray only record data sectors.
1 "Non-writable media: CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, BD-ROM."
1 "Write-once media: CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R, BD-R."
1 "Reusable media: CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, BD-RE."
1
1 Profiles depend on drive type and media state. They are expressed
1 as numbers. It is unfortunate that formatted CD-RW have the same
1 profile number as unformatted ones.
1
1 ROM drives often announce all media as ROM profiles. Some writer
1 drives show closed sequential media as ROM profile.
1 "CD-ROM 0x08"
1 "DVD-ROM 0x10"
1 "BD-ROM 0x40"
1
1 Sequentially recordable profiles allow multisession in most cases.
1 Special burn programs are needed for writing to them.
1 "CD-R 0x09"
1 "CD-RW 0x0a (unformatted)"
1 "DVD-R 0x11"
1 "DVD-RW 0x14 (unformatted)"
1 "DVD-R DL 0x15 (double layer)"
1 "DVD-R DL 0x16 (double layer, jump recording)"
1 "DVD+R 0x1a"
1 "DVD+RW DL 0x2a (double layer)"
1 "DVD+R DL 0x2b (double layer)"
1 "BD-R 0x41 (single or double layer, formatted or not)"
1 "HD DVD-ROM 0x50"
1 "HD DVD-R 0x51"
1 "HD DVD-RAM 0x52"
1 They can assume three states:
1 ""Blank" is not readable but writeable from scratch"
1 ""Appendable" is readable and after the readable part still writeable"
1 ""Closed" is only readable"
1 CD-RW and DVD-RW can be brought back to blank state, or they can be
1 formatted to become overwriteable.
1
1 Overwriteable profiles allow random read-write access with a
1 granularity of 2 kB or 32 kB. One can hope for having read-write
1 access via the normal POSIX operations lseek(), read(), write() of
1 the operating system.
1 "CD-RW 0x0a (formatted)"
1 "DVD-RAM 0x12"
1 "DVD-RW 0x13 (formatted, 32 kB write granularity)"
1 "DVD+RW 0x1a"
1 "BD-R 0x42 (formatted for pseudo-random recording)"
1 "BD-RE 0x43 (single or double layer)"
1 BD-R profile 0x42 is defined by MMC but not implemented by the
1 consumer priced Blu-ray burners as of year 2010.
1
1 "Mixed Mode CD"
1
1 A Mixed Mode is a CD that contains tracks of differing CD-ROM Mode
1 formats. In particular the first track may contain both computer
1 data (Yellow Book) CD ROM data while the remaining tracks are audio
1 or video data. Video CD's can be Mixed Mode CDs.
1
1 "Multisession"
1
1 A way of writing to a CD , DVD or Blu-ray Disc that allows more
1 data to be added to readable discs at a later time. The media must
1 not have been closed by the previous write session. This applies
1 originally to unformatted CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD+R, and
1 sequential BD-R which all can record more than one session. They
1 hold a table-of-content with sessions and tracks. Formatted CD-RW,
1 DVD-RAM, DVD+RW, DVD-RW, and BD-RE have only one track.
1 Multisession on these media needs help by the recorded data
1 formats.
1
1 Multisession can be used to add a changeset to an existing ISO 9660
1 filesystem. Typically the add-on session contains a whole new
1 filesystem tree with old and new files. It also contains the data
1 blocks of the newly introduced or freshly overwritten files. The
1 convention for mounting multisession ISO 9660 images is to load the
1 superblock from the start of the first track in the last session as
1 listed in the media table-of-content. Formatted media are assumed
1 to have a single track starting at block 0. So ISO 9660
1 multisession on formatted media has to overwrite the volume
1 descriptors at block 16 ff. with every new session. A chain of
1 recognizable sessions can be achieved by starting the first ISO
1 9660 image at block 32 so that its descriptors get not overwritten
1 later.
1
1 "Nero NRG format file"
1
1 A proprietary CD image file format use by a popular program for
1 Microsoft Windows, Ahead Nero. The specification of this format is
1 not to our knowledge published.
1
1 "Rock Ridge Extensions"
1
1 An extension to the ISO-9660 standard which adds POSIX information
1 to files. It allows long file names, owner, group, access
1 permissions 'ugo+-rwx', inode numbers, hard-link count, file types
1 other than directory or regular file. Rock Ridge is described by
1 unapproved standard IEEE P1282 / RRIP-1.12 and based on unapproved
1 IEEE P1281 / SUSP-1.10. It has become a de-facto standard on
1 X/Open systems like GNU/Linux, FreeBSD, Solaris, et.\ al.
1
1 "SCSI"
1
1 Small Computer System Interface. A set of ANSI standard electronic
1 interfaces (originally developed at Apple Computer) that allow
1 personal computers to communicate with peripheral hardware such as
1 CD-ROM drives, disk drives, printers, etc.
1
1 Although the original hardware is outdated since years, the SCSI
1 command set nowadays controls most storage devices including all
1 optical disc drives. The contemporary electronic technologies
1 which transport SCSI commands to optical drives are P-ATA, SATA,
1 and USB.
1
1 A SCSI programming specification made by the SCSI committee T10
1 organization <http://www.t10.org/>.
1
1 The documents 'libcdio' makes use of are described in SCSI
1 standards documents SCSI Primary Commands (SPC), SCSI Block
1 Commands (SBC), and Multi-Media Commands (MMC). These documents
1 generally have a numeric level number appended. For example SPC-3
1 refers to "SCSI Primary Commands - 3'.
1
1 In year 2010 the current versions were SPC-3, SBC-2, MMC-5.
1
1 "SCSI CDB"
1
1 SCSI Command Descriptor Block. The data structure that is used to
1 issue a SCSI command.
1
1 "SCSI Pass Through Interface."
1
1 Yet another way of issuing MMC commands for accessing a CD-ROM. As
1 with MMC or ASPI, the CD-ROM doesn't necessarily have to be a
1 SCSI-attached drive. See also ⇒MMC MMC. and ⇒ASPI MMC.
1
1 "Session"
1
1 A fully readable complete recording that contains one or more
1 tracks of computer data or audio on a CD. On a DVD or Blu-ray Disc,
1 there are only data sessions.
1
1 "SVCD"
1
1 Super VCD
1
1 An improvement of Video CD 2.0 specification which includes most
1 notably a switch from MPEG-1 (constant bit rate encoding) to MPEG-2
1 (variable bit rate encoding) for the video stream.
1
1 Also added was higher video-stream resolution, up to 4 overlay
1 graphics and text ("OGT") sub-channels for user switchable subtitle
1 displaying, closed caption text, and command lists for controlling
1 the SVCD virtual machine.
1
1 See <http://www.dvdrhelp.com/svcd>
1
1 "TOC"
1
1 (Compact Disc) Table of Contents. The TOC contains a list of
1 sessions and their tracks. For sessions, it records the starting
1 track number and the last track number. For tracks it records
1 starting time block address, size, copy protection, linear audio
1 preemphasis, track format (CDDA or data) in that order. Session
1 and track information is also available on sequential DVD and
1 Blu-ray Discs. Several track properties are fixed to equivalents
1 of CD data.
1
1 "Track"
1
1 A unit of data of a CD. The size of a track can vary; it can occupy
1 the entire contents of the CD. Most CD standards however require
1 that tracks have a 150 frame (or "2 second") lead-in gap.
1
1 An abstraction of tracks for CD, DVD and Blu-ray Discs is the
1 Logical Track as of MMC specs. Overwriteable media have a single
1 logical track, sequential media can have one or more logical tracks
1 which they describe in their TOC.
1
1 "UDF"
1
1 Universal Disc Format was designed as successor of ISO 9660. It
1 allows to record long file names and advanced file properties.
1 Although intended as format for data exchange its main importance
1 is with DVD video players. Video DVDs have to bear a simple UDF
1 filesystem with a prescribed set of files.
1
1 "VCD"
1
1 The Video Compact Disc ("Video CD" or "VCD") is a standardized
1 digital video storage format. It is based on the commonly
1 available Compact Disc technology, which allows for low-cost video
1 authoring. Video CD's can be played in most DVD standalone player,
1 dedicated VCD players and finally, modern Personal Computers with
1 multimedia support.
1
1 A Video CD is made up of CD-ROM XA sectors, i.e. CD-ROM mode 2
1 form 1 & 2 sectors. Non-MPEG data is stored in mode 2 form 1
1 sectors with a user data area of 2048 byte, which have a similar L2
1 error correction and detection (ECC/EDC) to CD-ROM mode 1 sectors.
1 While real-time MPEG streams is stored in CD-ROM mode 2 form 2
1 sectors, which by have no L2 ECC, yield a ~14% greater user data
1 area consisting of 2324 bytes(1)
1
1 <http://www.dvdrhelp.com/vcd>
1
1 "Win32 ASPI"
1
1 The ASPI interface specification was developed by Adaptec for
1 sending commands to a SCSI host adapter (such as those controlling
1 CD and DVD drives) and used on Window 9x/NT and later. Emulation
1 for ATAPI drives was added so that the same sets of commands worked
1 those even though the drives might not be SCSI nor might there even
1 be a SCSI controller attached.
1
1 However in Windows NT/2K/XP, Microsoft provides their Win32 ioctl
1 interface, and has take steps to make using ASPI more inaccessible
1 (e.g. requiring administrative access to use ASPI).
1
1 See also ⇒MMC MMC.
1
1 "Win32 ioctl driver"
1
1 Ioctl (Input Output ConTroLs). A Win32 function, implemented in
1 all Microsoft Windows. It is used for sending commands to devices
1 using defined codes and structures.
1
1 "XA"
1
1 ⇒CD-ROM XA XA.
1
1 ---------- Footnotes ----------
1
1 (1) actually raw mode 2 sectors have a 2336 byte user data area, but
1 parts of it are used for error codes and headers when using the mode 2
1 form 1 or form 2 configurations.
1