gprof: Call Graph

1 
1 5.2 The Call Graph
1 ==================
1 
1 The "call graph" shows how much time was spent in each function and its
1 children.  From this information, you can find functions that, while
1 they themselves may not have used much time, called other functions that
1 did use unusual amounts of time.
1 
1    Here is a sample call from a small program.  This call came from the
1 same 'gprof' run as the flat profile example in the previous section.
1 
1      granularity: each sample hit covers 2 byte(s) for 20.00% of 0.05 seconds
1 
1      index % time    self  children    called     name
1                                                       <spontaneous>
1      [1]    100.0    0.00    0.05                 start [1]
1                      0.00    0.05       1/1           main [2]
1                      0.00    0.00       1/2           on_exit [28]
1                      0.00    0.00       1/1           exit [59]
1      -----------------------------------------------
1                      0.00    0.05       1/1           start [1]
1      [2]    100.0    0.00    0.05       1         main [2]
1                      0.00    0.05       1/1           report [3]
1      -----------------------------------------------
1                      0.00    0.05       1/1           main [2]
1      [3]    100.0    0.00    0.05       1         report [3]
1                      0.00    0.03       8/8           timelocal [6]
1                      0.00    0.01       1/1           print [9]
1                      0.00    0.01       9/9           fgets [12]
1                      0.00    0.00      12/34          strncmp <cycle 1> [40]
1                      0.00    0.00       8/8           lookup [20]
1                      0.00    0.00       1/1           fopen [21]
1                      0.00    0.00       8/8           chewtime [24]
1                      0.00    0.00       8/16          skipspace [44]
1      -----------------------------------------------
1      [4]     59.8    0.01        0.02       8+472     <cycle 2 as a whole> [4]
1                      0.01        0.02     244+260         offtime <cycle 2> [7]
1                      0.00        0.00     236+1           tzset <cycle 2> [26]
1      -----------------------------------------------
1 
1    The lines full of dashes divide this table into "entries", one for
1 each function.  Each entry has one or more lines.
1 
1    In each entry, the primary line is the one that starts with an index
1 number in square brackets.  The end of this line says which function the
1 entry is for.  The preceding lines in the entry describe the callers of
1 this function and the following lines describe its subroutines (also
1 called "children" when we speak of the call graph).
1 
1    The entries are sorted by time spent in the function and its
1 subroutines.
1 
11    The internal profiling function 'mcount' (⇒The Flat Profile
 Flat Profile.) is never mentioned in the call graph.
1 

Menu

1 
· Primary       Details of the primary line's contents.
· Callers       Details of caller-lines' contents.
· Subroutines   Details of subroutine-lines' contents.
· Cycles        When there are cycles of recursion,
1                    such as 'a' calls 'b' calls 'a'...
1